Allegations of Misconduct

Concerns about a submission or published article may be sent to the editorial office with the article title, relevant passages or records, a clear description of the concern and supporting evidence. Good-faith concerns are assessed regardless of whether the person raising them is an author or reader.

A non-conflicted editor first considers whether the allegation is specific and credible. The journal preserves relevant records, seeks a response from the authors and may request underlying materials. Where appropriate, it consults independent specialists or refers matters requiring investigation to the responsible institution.

Allegations are handled confidentially to the extent compatible with fair investigation and protection of the scholarly record. The journal does not promise absolute anonymity where disclosure is required for a fair process or by law.

Possible outcomes include no further action, clarification, revision, rejection, a correction, an expression of concern or retraction. Responses are proportionate to the evidence. An institutional inquiry and the journal’s decision about the reliability of its published record serve different purposes.

Concerns involving an editor are assigned to another independent editor. Concerns involving editorial leadership are referred to the publisher for independent handling.